Igitsina

Friday, November 23, 2007

Umugore mwiza arubahwa, ariko utagira umutima ni urukozasoni.

Imigani 11:16

Umugore w'uburanga bwiza utagira umutima, ni nk'impeta y'izahabu ikwikirwa mu mazuru y'ingurube

Imigani 11:22

Umugore w'ingeso nziza abera umugabo ikamba,ariko uw'urukozasoni ni nk'ikimungu mu magufwa ye

Imigani 12:4

Umugore w'umutima yubaka urugo rwe; ariko umupfu arwisenyera hejuru

Imigani 14:1

Utwokurya dukakaye turimo amahoro, turuta urugo rwuzuye ibyo kurya,ariko rufite intonganya.

Imigani 17:1

Urugo n'amatungo umuntu abiragwa n'ababyeyi be, ariko umugore w'umutima umuhabwa n'Uwiteka.

Imigani 19:14

Kwibera ku gasozi kadatuwe,kuruta kubana n'umugore w'umwaga uhora mu ntonganya

Imigani 21:19

Kuba mu gakinga k'urusenge, biruta kubana n'umugore w'ingare mu nzu nziza

Imigani 21:9

Umunsi w'imvura nyinshi y'urujojo rudahita,
N'umugore w'ingare uvuga urudaca, birahwanye

Imigani 27:15

INTAMBWE ZO KUBAKA URUGO RUHIRE

IGITUBA CYA MU GITONDO KIRARYOHA

Mapengu ati: "Ikinyarwanda kirakura nabi."

Reba andi mafoto y'ibituba no guswera bishyushye hano
Amafoto Atandukanye y'Ibituba

Video zo Guswera Zitandukanye

Video zo Kunyaza

Video zo Guswera Igituba Kinini

Video zo Guswerana z'Abagande

Video zo Guswera z'Abahinde

Video za Rugongo nini

Video z'Abakobwa Barimo Kwikinisha
Inkoranyamagambo y'Igiholandi n'Ikinyarwanda yakozwe na

Emmanuel Habumuremyi

Amagambo atangirwa na A
aaien V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa

aamborstigheid N. asima

aan ADV. ugana; kwa; i; ahagama

aanbidden V. gusingiza

aanbidding N. ibisingizo

aanbieden N. igitambo

aanbinden V. gutangira

aanbreken van de dag N. umuseso

aandacht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika

aan de overkant van (adverb) ahateganye na; aharebana na

aandienen V. kumenyekanisha

aandoening N. indwara aangenaam ADJ. cyiza aangezien (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera aanhalen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa aan het einde (adverb) inyuma aan hun PRON. bo aan jou PRON. mwe aan ons PRON. twe aanreiken N. ikiganza aanvliegen V. kuguruka aanvoerder N. umuyobozi aanwijzing N. ibwiriza aan ze PRON. bo aardrijkskunde N. ubumenyi bw'isi aarzelen V. gushidikanya aarzeling N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya abacus N. ikibarisho abattoir N. ibagiro abnormaal ADJ. kidasanzwe academie N. kaminuza accident N. impanuka acht ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitondera; icyo kwitwararika acht ADJ. umunani achtergrond N. indiba; intango achterlijf N. inda; umudigi adelaar N. kagoma adoration N. ibisingizo afgetrokken N. umunyamazinda afgezonderd ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye; yihariye afkorten V. guhina; gutubya afkorting N. impine afleggen V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara afleren V. kwigisha afschaffen gusenya; gusesa; gukuraho afschaffing N. iseswa afstand N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana afwennen V. kwigisha afzonderlijk ADJ. zihariye; cyihariye agent N. umupolisi aids N. sida; icyago cya sida; icyorezo cya sida akkerbouw N. ubuhinzi ambitie N. umuhate; ishyaka ananas N. inanasi arend N. kagoma artsenij N. umuti attentie ADJ. icyitonderwa; icyo kwitwararika; icyo kwitondera auto N. imodoka

B
baan N. umuhanda baas N. umuyobozi badpak N. umwenda wo kogana bagage N. umutwaro; umuzigo bakken V. guteka bananenbier N. urwagwa bandiet N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni bank N. banki bars ADJ. igihubutsi bedanken V. gushimira bedaren V. gushira ubukana; guhinduka umunyantege nke; gucika intege; gucogora bedeesd ADJ. ufite ipfinwe; ufite amasoni bederven V. gutetesha bedriegen V. kubeshya beginnen V. gutangira behaaglijk ADJ. cyiza bej (adverb) kwa bejaard ADJ. usheshe akanguhe; umusaza; ushaje; ugeze mu zabukuru bekend ADJ. ikimenyabose; icyamamare; icyogere bekoelen V. gucika intege; guhinduka umunyantege nke; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora bekorten V. guhina; gutubya bekwaam ADJ. ushoboye; gishoboye bekwaamheid N. ubushobozi; ububasha beminnen N. urukundo Bent u mevrouw Janssens? Waba uri madamu Janssens? Bent u ziek? Urarwaye? beoordelen N. umucamanza bepaling N. ibisabwa; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje; ibyangombwa bisabwa kuzuzwa berechten N. umucamanza beroerd ADJ. kibi bestuurder N. umushoferi bet N. uburiri betalen V. kwishyura; kuriha bevangen ADJ. ufite amasoni; wamwaye; ufite ipfunwe bevelen V. gushyira ku murongo bezem N. umweyo; umukubuzo bh N. isutiye; ishindiriya bidden V. gusenga bieden V. gutanga; kugabira bier N. inzoga bijdrage N. umusanzu bijeenkomen V. guhura bijna (adverb) hafi bijten V. kuruma; kurya binden V. guhambira; kuboha; kuzirika bioscoop N. sinema blad N. ikinyamakuru blauw ADJ. ibara ry'ubururu; ubururu blijdschap N. ibyishimo; umunezero blijken V. kugaragara; gutunguka blik N. umukebe blinken N. gushashagirana blo ADJ. wamwaye; wakozwe n'isoni; ufite ipfunwe bloed N. amaraso bloem N. ururabo; ururabyo; ikimuri blouse N. ikizibaho blozend N. umutuku bodem N. indiba; intango boek N. igitabo boekenwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo boekwinkel N. iguriro ry'ibitabo boel N. imbaga; inteko boer N. umuhinzimworozi boezem N. ibere borst N. ibere borstelen N. uburoso bos N. ishyamba breken N. kumena; kujanjura; kujanjagura; gusatagura brief N. ibaruwa; urwandiko; ibarwa broek N. ipantaro; ipatalo broer N. musaza (wa); umuvandimwe; umuvandimwe (wa) brood N. umugati bruiloft N. ubukwe bruiloftsfeest N. ubukwe burger N. umwenegihugu; umuturage burgerlijk N. umusivili bus N. bisi; otobisi

C
cadeau N. impano; kado café N. akabari; kafe capabel ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboye ceintuur N. umukandara cessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana chef N. umuyobozi; umutware; shefu Christus N. Kirisitu; Kirisito civiel N. umusivili colbertjas N. ikoti computer N. mudasobwa concessie N. isuhuka; ita; isiga; itererana; ihana conclusie N. umusozo; umwanzuro conditie N. ibisabwa; ibya ngombwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje condoom agakingirizo; kondomu; gapoti; kapote conducteur N. umushoferi consigne N. ibwiriza couplet N. igitero; igitero cy'indirimbo

C
daar (adverb) kubera ko; kubera; kuko dag N. umunsi; Dag N. Waramutse?, Waraye? damp N. igihu decreteren N. iteka de mijne PRON. zanjye diabetes N. diyabete; indwara y'igisukari; diyabeti dialect N. ururimi rw'akarere diamond N. diyama die ADJ. uriya; iriya; kiriya dinsdag N. kuwa kabiri directeur N. umuyobozi; diregiteri; deregiteri dit PRON. ino; iyi dit hier PRON. ino; iyi dit is normaal (verb transitive) birasanzwe dochter N. umukobwa; umukobwa wa doden V. kwica doen V. gukora domicilie N. intaho; ubuturo donderdag N. kuwa kane doodgaan V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imana doordat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera doos N. agasanduka drek1 N. amase drek2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki drinken V. kunywa drol1 N. amase drol2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki drom N. imbaga; inteko dubben V. gushidikanya dwergachtig N. igikuri dwingen V. guhata; gushyiraho imbaraga

C
echec N. ugutsindwa echoën N. nyiramubande echtbreekster N. indaya; indayi; ihabara echtbreker N. umusambanyi; umugabo w'umusambanya; umugabo uca inyuma uwo bashakanye echtbreuk N. ubusambanyi echtelieden N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri echter (adverb) nyamara; gusa echtgenoot N. umugabo washatse echtgenote N. umugore washatse echtpaar N. ikintu kigizwe n'ibintu bibiri echtscheiding N. itandukana ry'abashakanye; gatanya; itana echtverbintenis N. ugushyingirwa; ubushyingirwe economie N. ubukungu; umutungo economisch ADJ. cy'ubukungu; kijyanye n'iby'ubukungu eczeem N. ibishishi edelen N. ubukomangoma edelgesteente N. umutako edelman N. igikomangoma edik N. vinegere eed N. indahiro eed van trouw N. icyubahiro (gihabwa abakuru, Imana, abitabye Imana) eega N. umugabo; umugore eekhoorn N. inkima eelt N. ikigori een hinderlaag leggen V. guca igico Een huis kopen ukugura inzu; kugura inzu eerste ADJ. aha mbere; aka mbere; icya mbere; irya mbere; iya mbere; ubwa mbere; ukwa mbere; urwa mbere; uwa mbere eerste les Isomo rya mbere eeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezo eksteroog N. ikigori elektriciteit N. amashanyarazi elf N. cumi na rimwe en (conjunction) na erfelijkheid N. akoko eten V. kurya; gufungura evalueren N. gusuzuma; kugenzura examen N. ikizamini; ibazwa; ikizami ezel N. indogobe

F
faam N. impuha; igihuha fabel N. umugani fabriceren V. gukora; gutunganyiriza mu ruganda fabriek N. uruganda; izine familie N. umuryango; famiye fiducie N. ukwemera; ukwizera; ibyiringiro; amiringiro film N. filimi; senema; sinema fles N. icupa floers N. igihu fluit N. umwironge; umwirongi fraaiheid N. ubwiza gaan V. kujya ganieten V. gushimisha gapen V. kwayura gauw (adverb) vuba; vuba vuba; hutihuti gebieder N. umuyobozi geel ADJ. umuhondo; ibara ry'umuhondo geen PRON. nta : Geen geluk Nta mahirwe geestelijke N. umupadiri; umupasitoro; umupasiteri; umupasitori geheiligd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera geitenmelk N. amahenehene; amata y'ihene geloof N. ukwemera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro; ukwizera geluk N. amahirwe; ishaba gemakkelijk ADJ. cyoroshye; woroshye; yoroshye; bworoshye gemeen ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyasizwe geneesmiddel N. umuti genoeglijk ADJ. cyiza geografie N. ubumenyi bw'isi getrouwd ADJ. washyingiwe : Mijn zoon is nu getrouwd. Umuhungu wanjye ubu yarashyingiwe. geven V. gutanga; guha gevolgtrekking N. umusozo; umwanzuro geweifel N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya gewijd ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera gezang N. indirimbo gezin N. umuryango glijden V. kunyerera God N. Imana goed ADJ. mwiza; ryiza; cyiza; nziza; rwiza; keza; bwiza; kwiza Goedendag N. Waramutse?, Bwakeye?, Mwabonye Matara atabara?, Mwaraye? goedemorgen N. Waramutse?; Waraye? gordel N. umukandara goud N. zahabu; inzahabu griep N. ibicurane groen ADJ. icyatsi; ibara ry'icyatsi; icyatsi kibisi groep N. itsinda; agatsiko; igurupe grond N. indiba; intango groot ADJ. kinini; cyagutse; kigaye grote stad N. umujyi gulden N. zahabu; inzahabu

[edit] H
haar N. umusatsi; ubwoya haardos N. umusatsi; ubwoya half N. igice; kimwe cya kabiri haliotis N. ikinyamushongo handtasje N. agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu; agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki hangen V. kumanika; kubamba hapering N. ishidikanya; ugushidikanya hart N. umutima hebben V. kugira; -fite : Zij hebben kinderen. Bafite abana. hechte samenwerking N. umubano mwiza Heeft u dan geen werk? Ni ukuvuga ko nta kazi ugira? Heeft u ook een kind? Nawe ufite umwana? heffen V. guterura heilig ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera heilige N. umutagatifu held N. intwari helpen V. gufasha hemd N. ikanzu hemel N. ijuru heros N. intwari; ingangare het mijne PRON. zanjye Het verbaast me dat hij afwezig is Birantangaje kuba adahari hier PRON. hano; aha hierheen PRON. hano; aha Hij is aan het eten Ari kurya hoe PRON. gute?; -te? Hoe gaat het met u? Amakuru yawe? Hoe gaat het met uw zoon? Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe? Hoe laat is het nu? Ubu ni saa ngahe? Hoe maakt u het? Amakuru?; Amakuru ki? Hoe maakt uw zoon het? Amakuru y'umuhungu wawe? Holland N. Ubuholandi Hollander N. umuholandi hond N. imbwa hondje N. akabwa; ikibwana honds ADJ. igihubutsi honing N. ubuki; umutsama hoofdkussen N. umusego hoofdpijn N. indwara y'umutwe hoop N. imbaga; inteko hoorn N. ihembe houden van N. urukundo huis N. umuryango huis N. inzu : Heeft u een huis? Ufite inzu?; urugo huisdeur N. umuryango w'inzu huisgezin N. umuryango huiswaarts N. imuhira; mu rugo Hutu N. umuhutu huwelijksweken N. ukwezi kwa buki

I
ichneumon N. umukara; umutereri idee N. igitekerezo identiek ADJ. bihuye; bihuje; bisa; buhuje kamere identificeren V. kuvumbura ideologie N. ingengabitekerezo ijver N. ishyaka; umuhate Ik heb en huis maar ik heb geen wagen Mfite inzu ariko singira imodoka Ik heb geen schulden Singira imyenda (amadeni) immoreel ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawe in de morgen (adverb) mbere ya saa sita; mugitondo influenza N. ibicurane inkorten V. guhina; gutubya instructie N. ibwiriza interessant ADJ. gishamaje inzittende N. umugenzi Is uw dochter ook ziek? Umukobwa awawe na we ararwaye? Is u ziek? Urarwaye? ja (adverb) yego jammer ADJ. bibabaje : Dat is jammer! Birababaje! jij PRON. wowe jongen N. umuhungu jou PRON. wowe journaliste N. umunyamakuru juffrouw N. madamazela; umukobwa kaart N. ikarita kaas N. foromaji kakken V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana kanarie N. inyoni kapotje N. agakingirizo; kapote; gapoti; kondomu kapster N. umwogoshi; kimyozi karpet N. umukeka; umusambi; itapi Kent hij de directeur van de bank? Uzi umuyobozi wa banki? kerk N. urusengero; kiliziya Kerstfeest N. Noheri keuken N. igikoni; icyikoni keuring N. ikizamini; ikizami; ibazwa keutel1 N. amase keutel2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki kiezen V. guhitamo kijken V. kureba; kurora kijker N. ijisho kinderen (pl noun) abana klas N. ishuri klasse N. ishuri kleding N. umwenda kleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka kleinmaken V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya klimmen V. kurira kloppen V. gukomanga knapheid N. ubwiza knorren V. kugona; gufurura komen kuza; kugaruka kool N. ishu kop N. umutwe w'inyamaswa kopen V. kugura korte jas N. ikoti kous N. isogisi krant N. ikinyamakuru kruis N. umusaraba kundig ADJ. gishoboye; ushoboye kundigheid N. ubushobozi; ububasha kwaad ADJ. kibi kwaal N. indwara kwalijk ADJ. kibi

L
lamp N. itara; itadowa landkaart N. ikarita lawaai N. urusaku; isahaha lekker ADJ. cyiza; kinoze lerares N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi les N. isomo; icyigwa; inyigisho lid N. umuyoboke lied N. indirimbo liefhebben N. urukundo liefkozen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa likdoorn N. ikigori links (adverb) ibumoso lucht1 N. ijuru lucht2 N. umwuka lui ADJ. umunebwe; inyanda luiheid N. ubunebwe; ubunyanda luwen V. gucika intege; kugabanya ubukana; gucogora

M
ma N. mama; mawe maag N. igifu maagdelijk ADJ. isugi maak V. gukora maan N. ukwezi maand N. ukwezi maandag N. kuwa mbere maandelijks (adverb) buri kwezi maar (conjunction) nyamara; gusa maar (adverb) ariko maart N. ukwezi kwa gatatu; Werurwe macaroni N. makaroni maffen V. gusinzira mais N. ikigori maïs N. ikigori maken V. gukora; guhanga ikintu mam N. mama; mawe mamma N. mama; mawe mammie N. mama; mawe man N. umugabo margarine N. marigarine massa N. imbaga; inteko mat ADJ. urushye; kirushye medicijn N. umuti mediteren V. kuzirikana meisje N. umukobwa meisjesschool N. ishuri ry'abakobwa melig ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije meneer N. bwana : Wie is die meneer daar? Uriya mugabo ni nde? menigte N. imbaga; inteko mes N. icyuma; umushyo; indiga mevrouw N. umugore; madamu middag N. saa sita z'amanywa mijn ADJ. cyanjye; wanjye; ryanjye; yanjye; rwanjye; kanjjye; bwanjye; kwanjye mijn vrouw umugore wanjye; umufasha wanjye Mijn zoon is niet thuis Umuhungu wanjye ntari mu rugo mijn zoon is ook in bed umuhungu wanjye na we ari mu buriri mik N. umugati minuscuul N. igikuri misschien (adverb) ahari; umenya; umenya ahari; birashoboka ko mist N. igihu moe ADJ. urushye; kirushye mooi ADJ. cyiza; nziza : De familie Van Dam heeft een mooi huis. Umuryango wa Van Dam ufite inzu nziza. multinational ADJ. mpuzamahugu multipliceren (verb); gukuba muskiet N. umubu; umuryasenge muskietengaas N. inzitiramubu muskietennet N. inzitiramubu muur N. urukuta rw'amatafari

N
naamgever N. sogokuru; sekuru naar (adverb) ugana; werekeza; mu : Ik ga naar Nederland. Ngiye mu Buholandi.; i : Ik ga naar Amsterdam. Ngiye i Amusiteridamu.; muri : Ik ga nooit naar een café. Sinjya njya mu kabari. Naar het station Werekeza kuri sitasiyo naar huis (adverb) imuhira; mu rugo nadenken V. kuzirikana n.b. N. icyitonderwa Nederlands N. igiholandi : Ik versta geen Nederlands. Sinumva igiholandi. nee (adverb) oya; ntibishoboka; ihi!; u u! neus N. izuru nevel N. igihu niemand ADJ. nta (muntu) niet ADJ. nta nieuwigheid N. amakuru nieuws N. amakuru nieuwsgierig ADJ. umunyamatsiko nieuwtje N. amakuru noen N. saa sita z'amanywa nors ADJ. igihubutsi noten N. icyitonderwa nu (adverb) ubu : Nu is er een film. Ubu hari filimi yerekanwa.; nonaha nurks ADJ. igihubutsi Nyiginya N. umunyiginya

O
oeffening N. umwitozo of (adverb) cyangwa offeren N. igitambo olifant N. inzovu omdat (adverb) kuko; kubera ko; kubera onaardig ADJ. igihubutsi onbestaanbaar ADJ. kidashoboka onderbroek N. ikabutura ondergrond (noun); indiba; intango onderlijf N. inda; umudigi onderwijzeres N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi onderzoek N. ikizami; ikizamini; ibazwa ongeluk N. impanuka ongeval N. impanuka onmogelijk ADJ. kidashoboka ontlasting1 N. amase ontlasting2 N. amabyi; amazirantoki ontlasting hebben V. kunnya; kwituma; gusarana ontvanger N. umukoreshakoro; porosobuteri onzedelijk ADJ. intabwa; cyatereranywe; cyatawe oog N. ijisho ooglid N. urugohe; ingohe oom N. marume; nyokorome; nyirarume oor N. ugutwi oordelen N. umucamanza oorlogsfilm N. filimi y'intambara op de achtersteven (adverb) igice kigana inyuma h'ubwato cyangwa indege opgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara opofferen N. igitambo oppas N. umurezi w'abana; umuyaya opperste ADJ. umukuru oud ADJ. gishaje; ushaje; rishaje overal (adverb) aho ariho hose; ahantu hose overerfelijkheid N. akoko overhandigen N. ikiganza overhemd N. ikanzu overlijden V. gupfa; gutabaruka; kwitaba imana

P
paar N. bike; ikaramu pak N. igipfunyika; ivarisi pakje N. igipfunyika; ipaki paraplu N. umutaka passagier N. umugenzi pastoor N. umupadiri; umusaseridoti; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umupasiteri pastor N. umupadiri; umupasiteri; umupasitoro; umupasitori; umuherezabitambo paus N. Papa; Umushumba wa Kiliziya Gatolika peet N. sogokuru; sekuru peetvader N. sogokuru; sekuru peinzen V. kuzirikana penis N. ubugabo; imboro; igitsina cy'umugabo peter N. sogokuru; sekuru pimpelen V. kunywa plaat N. ishusho poederwolk N. umucucu; umukungugu poepen V. kwituma; kunnya; gusarana politie N. polisi; umupolisi politieagent N. umupolisi politiebureau N. ibiro bya polisi politiepost N. ibiro bya polisi praten V. kuvuga prevalent ADJ. umukuru prijs N. igiciro prijsgeven V. kureka; kuzibukira; guta; guhara; guhana probleem N. ikibazo; ingorane psalm N. zaburi

R
raam N. idirishya recht N. itegeko reis1 N. urugendo; uruzinduko reis2 N. uruzinduko; uruzindu; urugendo restaurant N. uburiro; resitora reticule N. agasakoshi; agashakoshi ko mu ntoki; agakapu k'abadamu; agakapu riem N. umukandara rijst N. umuceri rok N. ijipo; ingutiya roken V. kunywa itabi ronken V. kugona; gufurura rood ADJ. umutuku; ibara ry'umutuku route N. umuhanda rover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni

S
saai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije sacraal ADJ. gitagatifu; cyera salade N. salade salaris N. umushahara; igihembo samenkomen V. guhura schaduwen N. umurizo schapenmelk N. amatamatama; amata y'intama schoen N. urukweto; ikirato schooljuffrouw N. umwarimu; umwigisha; umurezi schoonheid N. ubwiza schoonmoeder N. mabukwe; nyokobukwe; nyirabukwe schoorvoeten V. gushidikanya schouwburg N. inzu y'amakinamico schrijven V. kwandika schuieren N. uburoso sigaret N. isegereti; itabi; isigara sjaal N. fulari slaatje N. salade slachterij N. ibagiro slachthuis N. ibagiro slapen V. gusinzira slecht ADJ. kibi snorken V. kugona; gufurura snorren V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha snurken V. kugona; gufurura sokken N. isogisi soon N. umuhungu; umuhungu wa spelen V. gukina springen V. gusimbuka staan V. guhagarara; kuba uhagaze staatsburger N. umuturage; umuturagihugu; umwenegihugu stadhuis N. hoteli yo mu mujyi : Mijn dochter werkt nu op het stadhuis. Ubu umukobwa wanjye akorera muri hoteli yo mu mujyi. stamvader N. umukurambere stand N. ishuri station N. gare; ikigo bategeramo imodoka steen N. ibuye; itafari sterven V. gupfa; kwitaba imana; gutabaruka stoppen V. guhagarika straat N. umuhanda; ibarabara

strelen V. gukuyakuya; gukaresa
struikrover N. ibandi; umujura; umunyoni student N. umunyeshuri studie V. kwiga suikerziekte N. diabeti; indwara y'igisukari; diyabete superieur ADJ. umukuru

T
taai ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije taak N. umurimo; ikiraka taal N. ururimi taalleraar N. umwarimu w'indimi tafel N. ameza tak N. ishami tand N. iryinyo tandenborstel N. uburoso bw'amenyo tandpasta N. umuti w'amenyo; kologati tapijt N. itapi; umusambi tas N. igikapu; umufuka tasje N. agakapu; agakapu ko mu ntoki; agasakoshi; agasakoshi k'abadamu taxi N. tagisi teen N. ino telegram N. telegaramu televisie N. televiziyo telraam N. ikibarisho temperatuur N. igipimo cy'ubushyuhe; ubushyuhe bw'ahantu theelepeltje N. akayiko tien ADJ. icumi tijd N. igihe : Hej heeft geen tijd. Nta gihe afite. tijdelijk ADJ. by'igihe gito; mu gihe cyagateganyo timide ADJ. umunamasoni; ufite ipfunwe; wamwaye timmerman N. umubaji tocht N. uruzindu; uruzinduko; urugendo toegeving N. itererana; isuhuka; ita; isiga toer N. uruzindu; urugendo; uruzinduko toerisme N. ubukerarugendo toerist N. umukerarugendo tong N. ururimi tongval N. ururimi rw'akarere toonbeeld N. urugero treden V. gutambuka; kugenda trekken V. gukurura trip N. urugendo; uruzindu; uruzinduko Tutsi N. umututsi Twa N. umutwa twee kabiri; babiri; ibiri; abiri; bibiri; ebyiri; bubiri; tubiri tweede ADJ. wa kabiri; ba kabiri; ya kabiri; rya kabiri; cya kabiri; bya kabiri; za kabiri; rwa kabiri; ka kabiri; twa kabiri; bwa kabiri; kwa kabiri; ha kabiri

U
u PRON. wowe uier N. icebe uit de mode ADJ. kitagezweho; kitajyanye n'igihe uitgesloten ADJ. kidashoboka uitkijken naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha uitspraak N. imivugirwe; inoboramvugo uit vrije wil (adverb) n'ubushake uitzien naar V. gushaka; gushakisha; gushakashakisha universiteit N. kaminuza uur N. isaha uw ADJ. cyawe; wawe; ryawe; yawe : Waar is uw wagen? Imodoka yawe iri he?; bwawe; kwawe; hawe uw dochter umukobwa wawe? uw zoon umuhungu wawe

V
vagina N. igituba; igitsina cy'umugore vallen V. kugwa; kwitura hasi; gutembagara van PRON. cya; wa; ya; rwa; bwa; kwa; ha vandaag (adverb) uyu munsi; none vannacht (adverb) iri joro varen V. kugashya; kuvugama vechten V. kurwana; gusekurana veel (adverb) cyane; bikabije veranda N. urubaraza; ibaraza verdwijnen V. kuzimira; kubura; kurenga; guhenengera vergaderen V. guhura vergallen N. uburozi vergemakkelijken V. korohereza vergeten V. kwibagirwa; kugira amazinda vergeven N. uburozi vergiftigen N. uburozi verjaardag N. umunsi ngarukamwaka; aniveriseri verlichten V. korohereza verliezen V. kubura; gutakaza vermenigvuldigen V. gukuba vermijden V. kwirinda; kwihunza vermoeid ADJ. urushye; kirushye vermoeiend ADJ. kiruhije; kiruhanije vernederen V. guca bugufi; kutiremereza; kwiyoroshya vernedering V. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukutikuza; ukwiyoroshya verootmoedigen V. kwiyoroshya; guca bugufi; kutiremereza verootmoediging N. ugucisha bugufi; uguca bugufi; ukwiyoroshya verordenen N. iteka verplichting tot bijbetaling N. imisanzu y'inyongera verstrooid N. umunyamazinda vertrouwen N. ukwemera; ukwizera; amiringiro; ibyiringiro verzekeraar N. umwishingizi vijf ADJ. gatanu; batanu; itanu; atanu; bitanu; eshanu; butanu; dutanu; hatanu vijfde ADJ. uwa gatanu; iya gatanu; aba gatanu; irya gatanu; aya gatanu; icya gatanu; ibya gatanu; iza gatanu; urwa gatanu; ubwa gatanu; ukwa gatanu; aha gatanu; utwa gatanu Vijf over half vier Saa cyenda n'iminota mirongo itatu n'itanu vinden V. kubona; kuvumbura vinger N. urutoki; ikidori vissen N. ifi; isamake visser N. umurobyi visverkoper N. umurobyi Vlaams N. igifulama; ururimi rw'igifulama Vlaanderen N. Akarere gatuwe n'abafurama; Fulandere Vlaming N. Umufulama vloerkleed N. itapi; umusambi; umukeka; umukeka voetbal N. umupira w'amaguru; futuboro vogel N. inyoni volontair N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushake von PRON. za voorbeeld N. urugero voor de middag (adverb) mbere ya saa sita voor eeuwig (adverb) iteka; iteka ryose; ubuziraherezo voorvader N. umukurambere voorwaarde N. ibisabwa; ibyo usabwa kuba wujuje; ibyo ugomba kuba wujuje voorzaat N. umukurambere vragen V. gusaba; kubaza vriendin N. inshuti vriezen V. guhinduka ubutita; gukonja vrijdag N. kuwa gatanu vrijwilliger N. umukorerabushake; umukoranabushake vroeg (adverb) kare; hakiri kare vuil ADJ. cyanduye; wanduye vuur N. ishyaka; umuhate vuur N. umuriro

W
waar ADJ. hehe?; he? Waarin staat dat? Biri mu ki? Waarmee komt hij? Aje n'iki? waarom ADJ. kubera iki? Waarom ga je zo vroeg? Kuki ugiye kare? Waarop wacht ze? Ategereje iki? Waarover spreken ze? Baravuga iki? wagen N. imodoka wassen V. koga; gukaraba; kwiyuhagira water N. amazi Wat wenst u? Ushaka iki?; Murashaka iki? Weet u wat dat woord betekent? Muzi icyo iri jambo risobanura? weg N. umuhanda wenkbrauw N. igitsike wereldstad N. umujyi werk N. akazi : Misschien is er geen werk. Hashobora kuba nta kazi gahari.; umurimo werpen V. kujugunya; kunaga weten V. kumenya; -zi; kuba uzi ikintu wijn N. divayi; vino wijten V. kwitirira; guhamya wijzen V. kwerekana; kugaragaza willen V. gushaka; kwifuza winnen V. gutsinda; kuronka; gutsindira woensdag N. kuwa gatatu wonen V. kuba; gutura woonplaats N. intaho; ubuturo worden V. guhinduka; kuvamo; kuvukamo woud N. ishyamba

Y
yoga N. yoga; umukino wa yoga yoghurt N. yawurute

Z
zak N. igikapu; umufuka zakdoek N. umushwara; umuswaro zang N. indirimbo zeggen V. kuvuga; kugamba Ze is thuis Ari mu rugo; Ari imuhira zenden V. kohereza Ze werkt nu heel goed Muri iki gihe akora neza Ze zijn weer an het drinken Bongeye bari kunywa. ziekte N. indwara zien V. kureba; kubona zijn V. kuba : ik ben ndi : je bent, jij bent, u bent uri : hij is, ze is, zij is, het is ni : we zijn, wij zijn turi : jullie zijn muri : ze zijn, zij zijn ni zingen V. kuririmba zitten V. kwicara; kuba wicaye zoeken V. gushaka zondag N. ku cyumweru zonneschijn N. izuba zuipen V. kunywa zullen V. gushaka zusje N. mushiki; mushiki (wa) zwart ADJ. ibara ry'umukara; umukara; umukara tsiriri zwemmen V. koga zwijgen V. guceceka; gucweza; kuryumaho

METAPHORE

Reba andi mafoto y'ibituba no guswera bishyushye hano
Amafoto Atandukanye y'Ibituba

Video zo Guswera Zitandukanye

Video zo Kunyaza

Video zo Guswera Igituba Kinini

Video zo Guswerana z'Abagande

Video zo Guswera z'Abahinde

Video za Rugongo nini

Video z'Abakobwa Barimo Kwikinisha
THE BODY AS A HUMAN EXPERIENCE METAPHOR IN KINYARWANDA
by Alexandre Kimenyi

Personification or anthropomorphism metaphors are known by grammarians to exist in all languages. Besides the pioneering work by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson there have been no attempts to study this phenomenon systematically or to discuss its implications to linguistic theory or the understanding of the nature and function of the mind. Although, body linguistic expressions are known to have provided many dead metaphors and idiomatic expressions, their " unconscious " use has escaped language scientists and language users. Native speakers use them as if they belonged to the primary plane of expression.

In Kinyarwanda expressions referring to senses, namely sight, sound, smell, taste, touch and feelings are extensively used as conceptual metaphors. The body being a primary source of conceptual metaphors should not come as a surprise if metaphors are used not only because of the asymmetry between language vocabulary which is finite and the real world which infinite but mostly to help us understand new experiences. The vocabulary is finite because the human mind doesn't have enough space to store all the vocabulary which refers to the infinite world and also because of its limited capacity to retrieve from its memory whatever is needed. Since human beings experience the same things as far as their bodies are concerned, the body as a conceptual metaphor is universal. Ofcourse there is a ranking and hierarchy in the respective use of these senses as conceptual metaphors depending on language users' environment and culture as expected and predicted in both cognitive and antropological linguistics. In American English, for instance, sight is a dominant metaphor as illustrated by the use of sports metaphors, whereas in Chinese it is taste which is dominant metaphor with its use of food metaphors. In Kinyarwanda also some senses play a more prominent role than others.

I. Dead metaphors

The majority of Kinyawanda words which refer to body parts are used metaphorically to refer to objects which have a physical or functional similarity with that specific part of the body, as the following examples show.

umubiri w'ínzu 'the house body', umubyíimba w'ínzu 'the trunk of the house', umutwé w'áaméezá/umurimá/umwaambi'… 'the head of a table/field/match'… umusatsi w'íbigóori 'corns' hair', umusatsi w'íisáahá 'watch's hair'>needle, uruhaánga rw'íngoma 'the forehead of the drum', ugutwí, amáaso y'íkibúno 'the eyes of behind,, ijíisho ry'íikáramú 'the eye of the pen', ijíisho ry'ígishyíimbo 'the eye of bean', umusayá w'ínzu 'the jaw of the house', itáma ry'íicúmu/umwaambi/ 'the cheek of the spear/arrow', ibitúgu by'íngabo 'the shoulders of the shield', ibitúgu by'úmuhoro 'the shoulders of the pruning knife', ibitúgu by'ínzu 'the soulders of the house', ibitúgu by'íshaáti 'the shoulders of the shirt', umugóongo w'íkibabi 'the back of a leaf', umugóongo w'íshaáti 'the back of a short', umukoóndo w'úmuvure 'the navel of beer brewing wood vase' , umukóondo w'índeége/w'úubwáato 'the navel of a plane/boat', inkokora z'uruzi 'the elbow of the river', indími z'úmuriro 'the tongues of the fire'>flames, umunwa w'ícupa/igicumá/ikibiíndi 'the mouth of the bottle/gourd/clay jar', ijosi ry'íkibiíndi 'the clay jar neck', agatuúza k'úmuhoro 'a pruning knife's chest', ibéere ry'ígitooki 'a banana's breast', inda y'íisi 'the stomach of the earth', ikibero cy'ínzu 'the thigh of the house', améenyo y'úrukero/igisókozo 'the teeth of a seesaw/a comb', ijigo ry'ígisoro 'the , ikijigo , izúuru ry'úmuvuba 'a bellows' nose, izúuru ry'úrushíingé 'the nose of the needle', izúuru ry'íisáro 'the nose of a bea', izúuru ry'ígitabo 'the nose of a book', izúuru ry'ínzu 'the nose of a house', ikireenge cy'ígaáre 'the foot of a bike', ino ry'ínaanga 'the toe of a cithare' , igituúza cy'ínaanga 'the chest of the cithare'> the third chord of the cithare, ino ry'ígitooki 'the toe of a banana', ikibúno cy'úmurimá 'the behind of a field', ugutwí kw'ígisoro 'the ear of the gisoro stone game', ugutwí kw'ígití 'the ear of a tree', umushahára w'ígihahá 'a salary of a lung'>a meager salary.

Body parts as a primary source of metaphors is not unique to Kinyarwanda. All languages all over the world use them.

II. Idiomatic expressions

Hundreds of idiomatic expressions come from words which refer to body parts. These idiomatic expressions are all either metaphors or metonymies.

kuryá umuuntu imitsí 'to eat somebody's veins' >to exploit somebody
guhúza umusayá 'to make the jaw busy' >to refuse to listen
gutérura intúgu 'to shrug shoulders'
gutégekeesha igitúgu 'to rule with a shoulder'>to rule with an iron fist
gukúura mu bitúgu 'to remove from the shoulders'>to hit very hard
guseeta ibireenge 'to drag feet'
kwooroosokwahó n'úmusatsi 'to have the hair pulled'>to send chills down the spine
gutéreka inzára n'umusatsi 'to seat nails and hair'>to be very poor
gukúuka umutíma 'to have a heart pulled'>to get scared
gutégekeesha igitúgu n'ígituúza 'to rule with shoulder and chest'>to rule with an iron fist
gukóra umuuntu ku iitáma 'to touch somebody on the cheek'>to provoke somebody
gukúbita umuuntu hó itáko 'to hit somebody with a thigh'>to be discreet
gukúbita umutwé ku iijuru 'to hit the head on the sky'>to lie
gutwáara mu mutwé 'to carry in the head'>to be angry at
gutéeka umutwé 'to cook one's head'> to do what it takes to manage
gushyíra umutwé heejuru 'to put the head in the air'>to rebel
gutá umutwé 'to lose one's head' >to lose control
kwúubura umutwé 'to lift one's head'>to recover from illness
kwíishima mu mutwé 'to scratch one's head'> to get angry
kuzúunguza umutwé 'to shake one's head' >to shake one's head because of anger or denying a request
kuryá umuuntu imitsí 'to eat somebody's veins'> to exploit somebody
gukomeza umutsí 'to strengthen a vein'> to resist death
kugwa umuuntu mu gituúza 'to fall in somebody's chest'>to hug somebody with warmth
gucá mu myaánya y'íntoki ' to pass between fingers'> to disappear mysteriously
gufátana agatoki 'to hold each other's hand >to be very close
guhina agatoki 'to fold one's finger'> to be stingy
gukóra umuuntu muu ntoki 'to touch somebody in the hands'> to congratulate
gutúunga agatoki 'to point a finger'>to provoke
gukóza urutoki mu jíisho 'to touch in the eye with a finger'> to provoke
gukúbita urutoki ku ruúndi 'to hit a finger on another'>to show one's resentment
guhúuza imitíma 'to have hearts meet'> to love each other
kwíiraabura umutíma 'to have a dark heart'> to be very angry/to suffer
gukúuka umutíma 'to have a heart pulled'>to have fear
gushyika ku mutíma 'to reach the heart'>to be satisfied
kugiisha imitíma ináama > to ask advice from the heart>to think deeply
gutá hó umutíma 'to throw a heart on'> to care about

gutwáara umuuntu umutíma 'to take somebody's heart'> to be passionated about something
gukúbitwa n'úmtíma 'to be hit by the heart' > to have fear for no reason
kugira imitíma myiínshi 'to have many hearts' >to have worries
kubúra umutíma 'to miss a heart'>to show lack of seriousness
kubora umutíma 'to rot on the heart'>to suffer morally
gusiimbukwa n'úmutíma 'to be jumped by the heart'>to be terrified
kubúuranya imitíma 'to have disputes with hearts'>to remain indecided
kuráaza imitíma iswá 'to make the hearts spend the night outside'>to have worries
gukóra mu muhogó 'to touch in the throat'>to start singing with a clear voice
kwíikora muu nda 'to touch oneself in the stomach'> to kill one's own child
kwáanga muu nda 'to refuse in the stomach'>to change one's mind
kuraambika inda ku muyaga 'to spread one's stomach on the wind'>to run very fast
kugwiira inda 'to fall on one's stomach'>to betray
gucá amabéere 'to cut breasts'>to commit a serious crime
gufáta ayagúuye 'to hold the sagging ones (breasts)'>to waste one's time for nothing
gushyíra ku iibéere 'to put on the breast'>to give favors
gusiigana umubiri 'to oil each other's body'>to be together all the time
gutá umubiri 'to lose one's body'>to become thin
kugarura umubiri 'to bring back the body'>to recover from illness
gufátanwa igihaánga 'to be caught with a skull'>to be caught the panths down
akabúno kabí 'a bad butt'> a bad luck
kwíiruka kibúno mpáa amaguru 'to run butt give me legs'>to run very fast
gutéera akabúno heejuru 'to throw one's butt in the air'>to rebel
gufáta umuuntu ku munywa 'to hold somebody on the mouth'> to silence somebody
gufuunga umunwa 'to close one's mouth'>to keep silent
gukurura iminwa 'to draw/pull/stregth mouths'>to stregth one's mouth because of discontent
kugeenza umunwa 'to walk one's mouth'>to be indiscreet
kuryá iminwa 'to eat mouths'>to be confused
kwíifata ku munwa 'to hold oneself on the mouth'>to be stupefied
akanwa kabí 'an ugly mouth'>a bad tongue
gukúura umuuntu amatá mu kanwa 'to remove milk from somebody's mouth'>to deprive somebody of things they are accustomed to'
gukúura umuuntu igitaka mu kanwa 'to remove mud from somebody's mouth'>to make somebody rich.
kwíirya akáara 'ton eat oneself with a little finger/'to pinch oneself'>to show discreetly one's satisfaction
kwíirema agatíma 'to create oneself a little heart' >to be hopeful
kwíikubita agashyí 'to hit onelf with a little hand'/'to slap oneself'>to remind onelf one's chores
kwíikora muu nda 'to touch oneself in the stomach'>to kill one's kith and kin
kwíiha améenyo 'to give oneself to the teeth'>to make oneself an object of mockery
These are few examples which show that body parts expressions are used as idioms. This is not unique to Kinyarwanda. All languages use them as both dead metaphors and idiomatic expressions.

III. The metaphoric use of the body physical and emotional conditions

Pleasant experiences are referred to by using expressions which denote the well being of the human body. Unpleasant experiences are expressed by human body linguistic expressions which denote the opposite. Thus expressions which denote the well being such as , alive, healthy, strong, … are used and those which refer to death, body decay, illness, … are metaphors for unpleasant experiences. Anything which is disfunctional, physically or socially is perceived as 'dead' in Kinyarwanda, and what is culturally normal as 'alive' and 'healthy'

Iyi módoká ntíigeendá, yarápfuuye.
this car doesn't-walk it-died
'This car doesn't move, it died.'
Telefoóni yaanjye ntíikorá, hashize iminotá itaanu ipfúuye
telephone of-me doesn't-work it-finished minutes five it-died
'My telephone doesn't work, it just died five minutes ago'
Amagaáre y'áabáana ní mazima.
bikes of children are alive
'The children's bikes are alive.'
Abáana baa Kagabo bóose ni abapfú umwé gusa ni wé muzima.
children of Kagabo all are dead one only is him alive
'All Kagabo's children are stupid, only one is good.'
Uríiya mugoré ni umupfú ahora a-pfú-ush-a amafaraanga ubusá
that woman is dead she-remains she-die-caus-asp money nothing
'That woman is stupid, she always wastes money.'
Aba bagabo bararwáaye bahora bákoreesha ibigaambo bibí
these men they-are-sich they-remain they-use words bad
'These men are sick they always use bad words.'
Kagabo yarákize
Kagabo has-recovered-from-illness
'Kagabo has become rich.'

People who misbehave or have low morals do it because they are 'dirty' or 'have been contaminated' and the failure to perform certain tasks is due to the body being tired.

Yohaáni, leeta iramushiinja icyáaha kaándi arí umweére.
John government accuses-him-of crime but he-is clean
'John is beeing accused of crime by the government but he is innocent.'
Kuva ahó itséembabwóoko ry'ábatuutsi ribeeréye abanyarwaanda beénshi baáraanduye.
from when genocide of Tutsi took-place Rwandans many got-dirty
'Since genocide of tutsi many Rwandans have have been contaminated.'
kugira ibikomére ku mutíma
to have wounds on the heart
inkovú z'ákabábaro afité ntizizáakíra
scars of pain s/he-has they-will-not-finish
'The scars of the pain that s/he has will not end.'
Kaliísa akazi kaamunaniye
Kalisa job has-tired-him
'Kalisa cannot do the job.'
Ikizaamíni cyaaruhije abáana
exam has-tired children
'The children failed the exam.'
gucíika integé
'to break the hollow of the knee' "to be discouraged
gutá umutwé
'to lose the head' >to lose control
gukúuka umutíma
to have a heart pulled >to get scared

It is also important to note that Kinyarwanda uses a lot of hyperboles when referring to body conditions. Thus to be thirsty is referred to as 'to die of thirst', to be hungry 'to die of hunger',
to be surprised 'to be thunderstruck', to laugh 'to burst into laughter', etc.

Abakoóbwa biishwe n'íinyóota
girls were-killed by thirst
'The girls are thirsty.'
Abáana baacyéererewe umwáarimú arabamara
children are-late teacher is-going-to-finish-them
'The chidren are late and the teacher will punish them.'
Turashíze.
we-are-exterminated
'We are in trouble.'
Murí kíno gihúgu hari abaantu beénshi baboréye mu munyurúru bázize politiíki.
in this country there-are people many who-rot in jail they-are victims-of politics
'In this c ountry, there many people who are rotting in jail because of politics.'
Kaliísa umugoré wé ahora amútuka nóone ubu yaráboze.
Kalisa wife of-him she-remains she-him-insult then now he-is-rotten
'Kalisa, his wife always insults him and he has now had enough.'
umubóre 'a rotten object'>a wreck of old man
Urwaanda rurabóshye, ntawe ushóbora kwíigobootora nó kwíinyagaambura.
Rwanda is-legs-and-arms-tied, nobody s/he-can release-oneself and move
'The country of Rwanda is taken prisoner, nobody can free themselves or move.'

In summary, any behavior, action, event or state which is viewed as culturally positive is referred to by human body metaphors which connote its good physical or mental state and traits which are considered negative are described or defined by expressions which connote the body's physical and moral decay.

III. Seeing metaphors

Visual metaphors refer to objects, concepts, events or states by giving them shape, form, color, size or light.

1. Form.

Expressions in English such as to get the whole picture, to connect the dots, to fit the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle, to imagine, to put on the map … are examples of form visual metaphors . Form visual metaphors give implicitly or explicitly a physical form to the referrent. Thus verbs such as kubóna 'to see', kugaragara 'to appear', kwéerekana, … used used.

Ibyo uvuzé biréerekana kó ntacyo uzí.
what you-just-said shows/demonstrates/indicates that there-is-nothing you-know
'What you just said shows that you don't know anything.'
Ndabóna ibyó utéekéreza.
I-see what you-think
'I see what you think'

2. Shape

Pleasant things are conceived as beautiful and in good shape and unpleasant ones are seen as ugly and in bad shape.

Indiriimbo nziizá
beautiful song
'a good song'
igitabo kibi
ugly book
'a bad book'

Like in English and French, a straight form is the embodiment of what is correct and right and a bad form is also synonymous with bad behavior, conduct or personality.

kugira ibitéekerezo bigorórotse.
to-have thoughts which-are-straight
'to hav e good ideas'
kugorora imyiítwaarire
to straighten behavior
'to correct one's behavior'
kukí uyu mugabo avugá ibiintu bigorámye?
why this man he-says things which-are-bent
'Why is this man saying incoherent things?
amagaambo ya báriíya báana igihe cyóose aba acúramye.
words of those-over-there children time all they-are they-are-upside down
'The words of those chidlren are always nonsensical.'
kuva ahó Kagabo abeeréye miniisítiri asigaye yáriibyiimbiishije.
to-come when Kagabo he-become minister he-remains he-made-himself-swell
'Since Kagabo became minister, he has become arrogant.'
gutáanga ikigaaniiro kiráambuuye
to-give talk which-is-stretched
'to give a long speech/speech'
amagaambo ahínnye
words which-are-folded
'few words'
Nkuunda kó ibigaaniiro byaa Mugabo usaangá bínoze.
I-like that conversations of Mugabo you-find they-are-polished
'I like that Mugabo's conversations are always good.'

3. Size

Size is used as a visual metaphor to show the importance or lack of it of an object.

umushahára muníni
salary big
'a big salary'
igihe kiníni
time big
'a long time'
ibibázo bireebire
questions long
'big questions'
It is interesting to note that Kinyarwanda doesn't have a word for " small ", " young " is used instead to refer to this concept.
igihe gitó
time young
'short time'
inzu ntó
house young
'a small house'

4. Color

Kinyarwanda doesn't use color expressions as metaphors because words for color in Kinyarwanda are already metaphors, borrowed from cows' coat colors, whereas others come from natural objects.

green > 'raw grass' icyaátsi kibísi, white> 'roch' igitáre, gray > 'anthill' urugina, light skin > 'swamp antilope' inzóbe, …

5. Light

Like in other languages, light is the symbol of knowledge and the lack of light ignorance.

Light as knowledge :

gufuungura amáaso 'to open eyes', kugaragara 'to be visible/clear', kuboneka 'to be visible', gukaanguka 'to wake up', umucyó 'dawn'>transparency, gukórera mu mucyó/ahagáragara 'to work in the dawn/where it is visible'> 'to work in transparency', umuuntu ucyéeye 'a person who dawns'>somebody who looks sharp/clean/correct, kwéerekana 'to show/indicate, kubéera abaantu urumuri 'to be people's light'>to be people's guide, guhumiriza 'to close eyes', gukanura 'to open eyes', kubóna 'to see', kureeba kure 'to see far', gushíshooza 'to look at something very attentively', gukórana ubushíshoozi n'úbushobozi 'to work with looking at things very carefully and capacity'>to work with wisdom and competency, kuziikuura ubuzima bw'umuuntu 'to unearth somebody's life', gushyíra ibiintu haanzé/ahagáragara/ahabóna 'to put things outside/where there is clarity/where there is visibility' > 'to put things in the open'

Lack of light as ignorance :

igicúku 'middle of the night'>ignorance, igicúucu 'shadow'>stupid, umwíijima 'darkness'>ignorace, impumyi 'blind'>to be incapable of understanding certain things, igihu cyaa Nyáantáago 'the fog of the Nyantango mountain'>stupid, kubá mw'iijoro ry'íicúraburiíndi 'to be a very dark night'>to be ignorant/uninformed, ,gusiinziira 'to be sleepy'>to lack understanding, kuróota 'to dream'>not be realistic', kuríindagira 'to walk in a dark night' >not to know what to do,

IV. Hearing metaphors

Hearing metaphors are used to mean understanding and following advice. Those who don't respect the law and advice are seen as having problems of ears or hearing. First it is important to realize that the verb kwúumva 'to hear' also means 'to listen', 'to taste', 'to understand', 'to think' and 'to feel'. Obviously all these secondary meanings are metaphors which derive from the primary meaning 'to hear'.

Umva iyi nzogá, umbwiíre níibá iryóoshye
hear this alcoholic beverage tell-me if it-tastes-good
'Taste this alcoholic drink and tell me if it tastes good.'
Kora uyu mwáana wuumvé kó arwaayé
touch this child hear if s/he-is-sick
'Touch this child and feel if s/he is sick.'
Politiíki y'iíyi leeta abatuúrage barayúumva/barayíbona gúte?
politics of this government dwellers they-hear-it/they-see-it how
'How do people understand/see/view this government?'
Ndúumva nániwe
I-hear I-am-tired
'I feel tired'
Abáana ntíbuumvá ibyó umwáarimú ababwiíra barakomeza gukúbagana.
children they-don't-hear what teacher he-them-tells they-continue to-disturb
'The children don't listen to what the teacher is telling them, they continue to disturb.'
Umwáana utúumvíye sé na nyina yuumvira ijeri.
child who-does-not-hear father and mother s/he-hears cricket
'A child who doesn't respect the father and the mother listens to the cricket.'
Abahuúngu baa Kabaanda baápfuuye amatwí, ináama abaantu babagiíra ntibazíitahó
sons of Kabanda they-died ears advice people they-them-give they-don't-themselves at them.'
'Kagabo's children are ear-dead, they don't listen to the advices that people give them.'
gutá mu gutwí 'to throw in the ear'> to listen carefully
guhuunza amatwí 'to make the ears escape' >to refuse to listen
gufuunga amatwí 'to close ears'> to refuse to listen
kwíica amatwí 'to kill the ears'> to refuse to listen

Words without meanings or without listeners' interest are considered as just noises.
Abatuúrage barasákuza gusa ntaa bitéekerezo byuubáka bataangá.
dwellers they-make-noise only there-is-no thoughts which-build they-give
'The citizens are only making noises, they don't give any constructive ideas.'
Ndabóna múvuza indúurú ntáa kiintu cyiizá mufité.
I-see you-cause-to say scream there-is-no think good you-have
'I realize that you are screaming, there is nothing good you have (to offer).'
Arakomeza kutúmena umutwé avúga amahoómbo.
s/he-keeps to-us-break head s/he-says nonsense
'S/he keeps giving us a headache saying nonsense.'

V. Touching metaphors

Touching metaphors use expressions which have to do with body contact, temperature, weight, and taction.

1. Body Contact

Body contact shows understanding or strong effect whereas the lack of it indicates the opposite.

Ibyó umwáarimú yiigíishije, abanyéeshuúri baabifáshe.
what teacher he-taught students they-ha ve-held-them
'The students have kept what the teacher taught them.'
gufáta mu mutwé
to-hold in head
'to memorize'
Igisúbizo cy'iícyo kibázo naagitóoye.
answer of that question I-picked-it-up
'I found a solution to that question.'
Iyo nkurú baayúumvise bakubitwa n'ínkubá
that news they-heard-it they-were-struck by thunder
'When they heard the news they were shocked.'
imyiítwaarire yaawe izagukorahó
hehavior of-you it-will-touch-you
'your behavior will have negative consequences on you'
Kagabo yiita ku báana bé cyaane.
Kagabo throws-himself on children of-him a-lot
Kagabo cares very much about his children.
'Ináama wabagiíriye zaabaceengeyemó.'
advices you-them-gave they-them-penetrated-in
'The advice that you gave penetrated them.'
Ibyó waambwiíye byaanyúze.
what you-me-told it-me-passed
'What you told me has pleased me.'
Inyígiisho zaabiinjiyemó.
teachings they-them-entered-in
'The teachings have penetrated them.'
Ibyó waantumyé byaancíitse
what you-sent-me-for it-escaped-me
'I forgot your mission.'
Bahora bámwiibutsa aríko ntáa kajyámó.
they-remain they-him/her-remind but no(thing) goes-in
'They always remind him/her but s/he never gets it.'
kumúbwiira ni ugutá inyuma ya Huuye.
to-him/her-talk is throw-away behind of Huye mountain
'to talk to him is a waste of time.'
Byaanciiyehó kó twaagoombága kubónana uyu muúnsi.
it-passed-by-me that we-had to see-each-other this day
'I forgot that we had to meet today.'
Icyo kibázo yagiciiye iruhaánde yiivugira ibiíndi.
that question/problem s/she-passed-it next s/he talked-about other (things)
'That question s/he ignored it and talked about something else.'
Ibisóbaanuro umúha biramúreenze.
explanations that-you-him/her-give they-him/her-surpass
'The explanations that you are giving him/her are beyond his/her comprehension.'
Kabaanda yamáze gukíra araréengwa.
Kabanda he-has-finished to-recover he-got-surpassed
'After he became rich Kabanda became carefree.'
Byaatunyuzehó kó ubukwé bwaa Máriyá arí ejó.
it-us-passed-by that wedding of Mary is tomorrow
'It escaped us that the wedding of Mary is tomorrow.'

As examples show, this metaphor is similar to the English metaphor
to strike, to catch, to get, to grasp, to be tied, linked, connected, …

2. Taction

Taction metaphors describe how the body feels in contact with external objects. Roughness connotes something difficult or important and softness something which is easy.

umuuntu ukómeye,
person who-is-hard
'A strong/important person'
ikibázo gikoméye,
question/problem which-is-hard
'a hard/difficult question/problem'
ikibázo cyooróshye
question which-is-soft
an easy question
kwíiyoroshya
to-make-oneself-soft
'to be humble'
ibiintu byaakomeye
things they-become-hard
'the situation is becoming serious',
kugira ibitéekerezo binozé
to have ideas that-are-smooth
'to have good ideas'
Sharpness, unlike in English in which it means 'intelligent/elegant' as in 'a sharp child', 'cutting-edge technology, in Kinyarwanda it means 'meaniness', 'unsociability', 'suffering'.
gutyáara 'to be sharp'> to be mean

3. Weight

The weight metaphor connotes importance, great effect, gravity, or seriousness.

Ibibázo biramuremeereye
problems are-heavy-on-him/her
'S/he has serious problems.'
Amatégeko arusha amabuye kuremeera
'Laws are heavier than stones'
Aba bagabo ntíbuumviise ubureméere bw'aáriiya magaambo
these men they-didn't-hear the weight of those words
'These men didn't understand the gravity of those words.'
kuryáamira 'to lie on the top of' >'to cheat'/'to oppress'
gukáandagira 'to put one's foot on'> 'to be unfair to somebody'
guhónyoora 'to trample on'> 'to oppress'

4. Temperature

Warmth denotes something interesting or exciting and cold something boring.

Impaká zirashyúushye.
discussion is-hot
'The discussion is hot.'
Igitáramo kirakóonje.
party is-cold
'The party is cold.'
intaambara y'úbutita.
war of cold
'a cold war'

VI. Taste metaphors

Good taste metaphors are used to refer to events, things or experiences which are pleasant to body senses.

igitabo kiryooshyé
book which-tastes-good
'a good book'
umwaanditsi yatáanze umusógoongero ku gitabo cyé
writer he-gave sip on book of-him
'the author gave a sip to his book'
gushyíramó umúunyu
to-put-in salt
'to embellish the story',
umúunyu w'ámatwí
salt of ears
'good story teller'
kugira akarími karyooshyé
to-have tongue which-tastes-good

Bad taste metaphors are used mostly to show anger, meaniness, unfriendilness or unsociability.

ikigaaniiro kibiishyé
conversation which-tastes-bad
'a bitter conversation'
amagaambo atéeye iseséme
words which-cause nausea
'words which are disgusting'
kurura 'to have a bitter taste'>'to be mean'
gushaariira 'to taste sour'> 'to have a terrifying look'
gukáriha 'to taste bitter/sour'>'to be unapproachable/unsociable or have a bad temperament'
kuruungurirwa 'to have a heartburn'>'to be angry/moody'
gukaraata 'to be bitter/sour'> 'to be very excited/furious/angry'
gukara 'to taste hot/bitter'> to have a bad character/to be mean'
ibaamba 'bitter and inedible'> 'cantankerous/mean'
kubéera undí ibaamba
to-be-for another (person) bitter-raw-plant (or vegetable)
'to be mean/angry/cantankerous to another person'

VII. Smelling metaphors

Smell metaphors are used to designate bad or good things that one intuitively feels are going to happen.

guhúumurirwa n'ámahóro
to-get-a-good-smell from peace
'to smell peace'
Háno haranuuka intaambara.
here it-stinks war
'War stinks here'>there are signs trouble might erupt here
The 'stink' metaphor is used mostly to refer to hatred and in the following expressions :

kunuuka uruunturuuntu
to-stink human-presence
'to smell fishy/to suspect something abnormal'
kwáanga urunúuka
to-hate which-stinks
'to have a visceral hatred'

Conclusion

Since as it was pointed out in the introduction, metaphors exist because of the asymmetry between the finite nature of linguistic signs and the infinite character of the real world that they refer to and to make new concepts understandable to the mind, body metaphors are found in all languages. Individual speakers, dialects of the same language, and different languages may use the different body sense metaphors to refer to the same concept. This is expected because people don't use the same senses the same way. In English, for instance,'a thick accent ' and 'a heavy accent', are synonymous. The former uses a visual metaphor dealing with size and the latter a touching metaphor having to do with weight.

The following Kinyarwanda examples show that different concepts are referred to by different sense metaphors.
indíriimbo nziizá 'a beautiful song' (visual metaphor/shape)<> indíriimbo iryóoshye 'a delicious song'(taste metaphor)
ikibázo kiníni 'a big problem'(visual metaphor/size) <> ikibázo gikoméye 'a hard problem'(touching metaphor/taction) <> ikibázo kireméereye 'a heavy problem'(touching metaphor/weight)

The same body metaphors in different languages may not have the same referrent also. For instance the equivalent of the English expressions 'to break laws' is 'to kill laws' 'kwíica amatégeko' and 'heartbreaking' as 'backbreaking' 'incáamugóongo'. Synonymy, polysemy and asymmetry in the use of body metaphors are not restricted to language but to all sign systems because the nature and the power of the mind is to do more with less.

Although all senses are expected to provide these metaphors in all languages, because of environmental and social factors, some senses might be more prominent than others. For instance, languages spoken in open spaces such plains, plateaus may use more visual metaphors such as landscape metaphors than those spoken in closed and narrow spaces. People living in basins surrounded by mountains or people living in rainforest areas may use smelling and hearing metaphors because their scope vision is very much limited.

References

Kimenyi., Alexandre. Body Metaphors..www.kimenyi.com
Kimenyi, Alexandre. 1999. Cow metaphors. Paper read at Yale at 29 Annual Conferennce on
African Linguistics. www.kimenyi.com
Kimenyi, Alexandre. 2000. Journey metaphors. Paper read at Boston University at 31st
Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Published in the Proceedings. Also posted on www.kimenyi.com
Lakoff, Georges and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago : University of
Chicago Press.
Lakoff, Georges and Mark Johnson. 1999. The philosophy of the flesh.New York : Basic
Books.
Peirce, Charles. 1949-56. Collected writings.Vol1-4. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.

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